1. Targets: Patients with diabetes, hypertension Those with family history of chronic kidney disease Individuals receiving potentially nephrotoxic drugs, herbs or substances or taking indigenous medicine. Patients with past history of acute kidney injury Individuals older than 6. 2. Tools: Spot urine sample for protein with standard urine Dipstick test (need a repeat confirmatory test if positive) Dipstick for red blood cells (need confirmation by urine microscopy) An estimate of glomerular filtration rate based on serum creatinine concentration. 3. Frequency of Screening Screening frequency for targeted individuals should be yearly if no abnormality is detected on initial evaluation. 4. Who should perform the screening: Doctors, nurses, paramedical staff and other trained healthcare professionals. 5. Intervention after screening Patients detected to have chronic kidney disease should be referred to primary care physicians with experience in management of kidney disease for follow up. A management protocol should be provided to the primary care physicians. Further referral to nephrologists for management will be based on the protocol together with clinical judgment of the primary care physicians with their assessment of the severity of chronic kidney disease and the likelihood of progression. 6. Screening for cardiovascular disease risk It is recommended that cardiovascular disease risk factors should be screened in all patients with CKD.
Source: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China Department of Internal Medicine, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences Dharan, Nepal Department of Medicine, Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha RIPAS Hospital, Brunei University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia Department of Medicine, Sultanah Aminah Hospital Johor Baru, Johor, Malaysia Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Australia National Kidney and Transplant Institute, Quezon City, Philippines Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore Department of Nephrology, Health Sciences University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Institute of Nephrology, The First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China Department of Nephrology, Itabashi Chuo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.